Physics far beyond

I wrote a  blog  about dark matter that accounts the most of mass of the universe. XENONnT is the latest dark matter detector generation located at the Gran Sasso International Laboratory in Italy. It contains 5.9 tons of liquid xenon waiting  for dark matter particles crashing into xenon atoms’ nuclei, causing them to recoil and emit electons to be detected.  In 2022 July published analysis of 97 days data shows no signs of dark matter particle collisions. This feels a bit disapointment as in 2020, the precessor detector XENON1T found excess of  ricocheting electrons. The cause of the surplus was explained by hypothetical lightweight particles that may originate from the sun called solar axions.  But the excess wasn’t large enough to be convincing, so more data were needed. No reason found for the previous excess but it may have been a statistical fluke.  Similarly, the latest experiments of new generation LZ detector (2022 July) found no dark ma...

The previous post discussed of dark matter that appears to have gravity effect to hold galaxy clusters together. However, in the larger scale the universe is expanding and galaxy clusters are moving away from us. In 1998, the red shift measurement from the distant galaxies revealed that the rate of expansion is accelerating. According to the general relativity, the matter content of the universe curves all spacetime causing  a global gravitational effect, which would decelerate the expansion. Thus something must counteract and win  the gravitation.   Currently,  dark energy has been the most accepted premise to account for the accelerated expansion and is a part of the standard cosmological lamda-CDM model.  Cosmologists' well-tested standard model assumes that 68% of the content of the universe is dark energy. However, the origin and composition of dark energy is one of the biggest mysteries. The simplest explanation for the dark energy is the cosmological cons...

In my blog "On a rubber mat" I briefly described how space-time is determined by its mass energy contents. For instance, a star curves the space around it creating a gravitational pot hole where other matter falls and gets imprisoned. The bigger is the mass the more curvature is resulted. In a galaxy there are billions of starts each contributing to the total curvature of the space around the galaxy. Stars have motion that prevents them to fall in to the center of galaxy.  In the center of a galaxy there is likely always a super massive black hole.  You can think a roulette where you throw multiple balls that start spinning around the center. In contrast to the roulette wheel, there's no friction in the space reducing the speed of the stars, which lets them to orbit the center for ages. If we were able to add more enough speed to a ball while spinning, it would eventually reach the edge of the wheel and rolls out with its current direction. If a star had high enough veloc...

I wrote earlier in the blog "The countdown to the beginning" about the early nature of the universe. The cosmic inflation theories suggest that all energy was bound in the form of the inflation field in the beginning. The field decayed eventually to the particles presented by the standard model. The standard model is established and well proved model for elementary particles and their interactions. Making it simple, it divides particles to six quarks, six leptons, and bosons that are force carriers for the three fundamental interactions. Quarks are interconnected together by strong force, and leptons by weak and electromagnetic forces. In the high enough energy scale (over 246 GeV) leptons interact by combined electroweak force (at the first  10 -12  seconds of universe). Even the standard model has been successful and self-consistent it does not incorporate the gravity interaction described in the general relativity.  Additionally, the standard model is quite complex and...

As I wrote in my blog "on a rubber mat" the gravitational waves are vibration of the spacetime medium and they emerge notably from comic collisions like black hole merges. Since the first observation of merging black holes by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in 2015, astronomers have been repeatedly surprised by their large masses. A star with a mass under 40 Suns can collapse to a black hole but not heavier ones. However, mergers of black holes with mass as much as 100 Suns are discovered. Recently, a research group in University of Hawaii published a study in Astrophysical Journal Letters about cosmic coupling explaining gravitational wave observations of the past years. Their hypothesis is that mass of black holes grow while the universe expands. The research group simulated millions of evolved black holes that were modeled in the expanding universe instead of static. Whereas conventional black hole models are simplifications of Einstein's...

The question where we've all come from has been fascinating for the ages. Quite many of us have heard the scientific explanation of the Big Bang that gave the birth for the universe. Georges Lemaître, a Belgian cosmologist and Catholic priest, introduced Big Bang in his scientific paper in 1931, stating that the observable universe began at a definite point in time. Edwin Hubble had confirmed through analysis of galactic redshifts in 1929 that galaxies are drifting apart. Thus expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point that is actually approximated to be happened nearly 13,8 billion years ago. There were different theories of the steady-state universe still in the following decades till 1964 when the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) was  discovered,  that had been a prediction of the Big Bang theory. The CMB is an uniform background radiation throughout the universe caused by the high temperatures and densities in the distant past. Act...

In the classical physics Newton's laws of gravitation explained gravity as a fundamental attractive force between any objects having mass. According to a legend Isaac Newton realized that there must be a force when an apple dropped from a tree. Around 1687 he presented that the force behaves same way between the Earth and moon or Earth and any object. Later the mathematical presentation of the gravitational force was determined as it's strength was proportional to the masses and inversely to the their distance square. Additionally, to make equation to work in the standard units a multiplier called gravitational constant was needed. By1862 James Clerk Maxwell described that electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges and currents. Analogously, Gauss's law for gravity presented gravity as a field caused by mass according to Newton's law in the classical physics.  In the early 20th century the modern physics changed our understanding of the reality.  The theory o...