Physics far beyond

A few years ago I wrote in the blog  how the universe may have have originated.  Many scientists believe there was no singularity in the beginning in the form of infinite density. CMB and gravitational wave observations indicate that the h ottest phase of the hot Big Bang, was not more than about ~ 10 28   K or ~ 10 15  GeV in terms of energy. That places a cutoff on how far you can extrapolate the hot Big Bang backwards: to a time of ~ 10 -35  seconds and a size of ~1.5 meter for the observable universe. The inflation theory states that before that there were no particles (and thus no such heat), but all energy was embedded in the inflation field.  Einstein was considering that singularities derived from the general relativity were more like mathematical artefacts, not presenting a realistic nature such as the center of the black hole. He tried to augment quantum effects into the theory and proposed that an Einstein–Rosen bridge arises from the center...

In the blog I wrote a hypothesis about time, while not being a fundamental physical property, it rather  emerges from the rate of change.  Let me rephrase it in a more formal, physics-like language: “Let spacetime consist of three familiar spatial dimensions and a fourth, less-accessible degree of freedom, usually associated with time but actually a dynamic distribution axis for quantum states. Elementary particles are not confined purely to 3-space; their wavefunctions distribute partially into this fourth dimension. Near massive energy concentrations (e.g., black holes), this distribution favors the fourth dimension, effectively reducing observable spatial activity — explaining time dilation and event horizon behavior. Gravitation itself emerges from the gradient of rate of change , driven by the local geometry of wavefunction distribution along this fourth axis.” This is speculative, yes, but  logically coherent , and it: Respects much of existing physics. Offers n...

I wrote earlier, in 2021, in the blog " cosmic coupling " that there may be a global connection between gravitational pull and push in the universe, possibly having equal but counter acting energy. Black holes represents the strongest gravitational pullers while dark energy is a pusher in the large scale.  The research team led by  University of Hawai'i  theorized that as the ancient  black holes were much larger than they should it  means there must be another way these black holes are acquiring mass - gained from the dark energy. Later in 2023, their results  showed that black holes gain mass in a way consistent with them containing vacuum energy, providing a source of dark energy and removing the need for singularities to form at their center. The measured amount of dark energy in the universe can be accounted for by black hole vacuum energy.  The idea that black holes are a source of dark energy isn't new. In fact, it's part of Einstein's theory of...

Time works by measuring periods between the past, present and future. It has a SI base unit, the second,  defined as about 9 billion oscillations of the  cesium  atom. In physics time is needed for  measuring the rate of change, like velocity and acceleration.  In the 17th century, physicist Isaac Newton  based his laws of motion on the assumption that t ime must tick from one second to the next, with no difference between the length of any two seconds. In the other words time is constant scalar universally. This is a valid approximation in daily life but no longer when relativistic effects take place. I n 1905,  Albert Einstein asserted that the speed of light  is instead constant. That cause that time must be relative and depend on the observer.  Einstein concluded that  distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion. In the general relativity time is one dimension coupled to the three space dime...

In the last blog I mentioned about quantum entanglement. Back in 1927, Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein were debating whether quantum mechanics, however strange, renders the world as it really is. In quantum mechanics a particle’s location, polarization and other properties can be indefinite until the moment they are measured. If a pair of particles is generated such that their total spin is known to be zero, the particles will have opposite spins when they are measured. Furthermore, whatever is the distance between the particles, the measurement of one's spin determines another's. Einstein considered such behavior impossible, as it violated the local realism view of causality, referring to it as "spooky action at a distance". As a conclusion in 1935, Einstein with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen published the famous EPR-paper, which supposedly proved that quantum mechanics could not represent reality. Erwin Schrödinger shortly thereafter published a seminal paper defi...

As written in my blog , black holes are ultimate sinks in the spacetime, and any information cannot escape beyond the event horizon of the black hole once dropped inside it. I want to open a bit what could be inside a black hole and emphasize that mentioned infinities do not describe the real world. By the "No Hair Theorem" a black hole has only three properties including mass, charge and angular momentum. When a particle drops to a black hole it has impact on these properties. For instance, a mass of the particle adds the mass of the black hole. However, the most of its information gets trapped in the event horizon, such as baryon number or polarization. As written in the previous blog , the event horizon encodes the maximum information density and entropy. The event horizon is a sphere which surface area is proportional to the mass of the black hole squared. If you were to double the mass, the surface area would get four times, and the occupied volume eight times larger. Th...